Management
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VLCAD Nutrition Management Guidelines
First Edition
February 2019, v.1.1
Current version: v.1.4
Updated: June 2021
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References

Analyzed Literature
ID Reference
G.139
(2015 July 15): Summary: Reports from several clinics on how they treat mild VLCAD patients. [Electronic mailing list message].  Retrieved from PNO-METAB-L, Archives.
F.9
Arnold, G.L., Van Hove, J., Freedenberg, D., Strauss, A., Longo, N., Burton, B., Garganta, C., Ficicioglu, C., Cederbaum, S., Harding, C., Boles, R.G., Matern, D., Chakraborty, P., & Feigenbaum, A. (Mar 2009). A Delphi clinical practice protocol for the management of very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab, 96, 85-90. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.09.008
F.3962
Ørngreen, M.C. (Jul 2016). Substrate kinetics in patients with disorders of skeletal muscle metabolism. Dan Med J, 63(7):.
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27399985
F.3963
Ørngreen, M.C., Madsen, K.L., Preisler, N., Andersen, G., Vissing, J., & Laforêt, P. (Feb 2014). Bezafibrate in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Neurology, 82, 607-13. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000118
F.4363
ØRngreen, M.C., Nørgaard, M.G., Sacchetti, M., van Engelen, B.G., & Vissing, J. (Aug 2004). Fuel utilization in patients with very long-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency. Ann Neurol, 56, 279-83. doi:10.1002/ana.20168
F.4377
Ørngreen, M.C., Nørgaard, M.G., van Engelen, B.G., Vistisen, B., & Vissing, J. (Jul 2007). Effects of IV glucose and oral medium-chain triglyceride in patients with VLCAD deficiency. Neurology, 69, 313-5. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000265854.41013.84
F.3964
Ørngreen, M.C., Vissing, J., & Laforét, P. (Mar 2015). No effect of bezafibrate in patients with CPTII and VLCAD deficiencies. J Inherit Metab Dis, 38, 373-4. doi:10.1007/s10545-014-9779-3
F.4379
Bastin, J., Bonnefont, J.P., Djouadi, F., & Bresson, J.L. (Mar 2015). Should the beneficial impact of bezafibrate on fatty acid oxidation disorders be questioned?. J Inherit Metab Dis, 38, 371-2. doi:10.1007/s10545-014-9775-7
G.144
Bausell H., Kim K. & Burton B. (2017). Intravenous Sources of Medium Chain Triglycerides for Critically Ill Patients with Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders. 13thInternational Congress of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ICIEM) #201. 
F.659
Behrend, A.M., Harding, C.O., Shoemaker, J.D., Matern, D., Sahn, D.J., Elliot, D.L., & Gillingham, M.B. (Jan 2012). Substrate oxidation and cardiac performance during exercise in disorders of long chain fatty acid oxidation. Mol Genet Metab, 105, 110-5. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.09.030
F.654
Boles, R.G. (Aug 2002). Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in an infant presenting with massive hepatomegaly. J Inherit Metab Dis, 25, 315-6. doi:10.1023/a:1016554409214
F.18
Brown-Harrison, M.C., Nada, M.A., Sprecher, H., Vianey-Saban, C., Farquhar, J., Gilladoga, A.C., & Roe, C.R. (Jun 1996). Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: successful treatment of acute cardiomyopathy. Biochem Mol Med, 58, 59-65. doi:10.1006/bmme.1996.0033
F.4371
Burrage, L.C., Miller, M.J., Wong, L.J., Kennedy, A.D., Sutton, V.R., Sun, Q., Elsea, S.H., & Graham, B.H. (Feb 2016). Elevations of C14:1 and C14:2 Plasma Acylcarnitines in Fasted Children: A Diagnostic Dilemma. J Pediatr, 169, 208-13.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.045
F.4380
Cairns, A.P., O'Donoghue, P.M., Patterson, V.H., & Brown, J.H. (Aug 2000). Very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency--a new cause of myoglobinuric acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 15, 1232-4. doi:10.1093/ndt/15.8.1232
F.633
Cox, G.F., Souri, M., Aoyama, T., Rockenmacher, S., Varvogli, L., Rohr, F., Hashimoto, T., & Korson, M.S. (Aug 1998). Reversal of severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and excellent neuropsychologic outcome in very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. J Pediatr, 133, 247-53. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70228-8
F.4382
Dereddy, N.R., Kronn, D., & Krishnan, U. (Sep 2009). Defects in long chain fatty acid oxidation presenting as severe cardiomyopathy and cardiogenic shock in infancy. Cardiol Young, 19, 540-2. doi:10.1017/S104795110999134X
F.4234
Diekman, E.F., Ferdinandusse, S., van der Pol, L., Waterham, H.R., Ruiter, J.P., Ijlst, L., Wanders, R.J., Houten, S.M., Wijburg, F.A., Blank, A.C., Asselbergs, F.W., Houtkooper, R.H., & Visser, G. (Dec 2015). Fatty acid oxidation flux predicts the clinical severity of VLCAD deficiency. Genet Med, 17, 989-94. doi:10.1038/gim.2015.22
F.4235
Diekman, E.F., van der Pol, W.L., Nievelstein, R.A., Houten, S.M., Wijburg, F.A., & Visser, G. (May 2014). Muscle MRI in patients with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis, 37, 405-13. doi:10.1007/s10545-013-9666-3
F.4236
Diekman, E.F., Visser, G., Schmitz, J.P., Nievelstein, R.A., de Sain-van der Velden, M., Wardrop, M., Van der Pol, W.L., Houten, S.M., van Riel, N.A., Takken, T., & Jeneson, J.A. (2016). Altered Energetics of Exercise Explain Risk of Rhabdomyolysis in Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. PLoS One, 11, e0147818. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147818
F.4383
Divry, P., Vianey-Saban, C., & Mathieu, M. (May 1999). Determination of total fatty acids in plasma: cis-5-tetradecenoic acid (C14:1 omega-9) in the diagnosis of long-chain fatty acid oxidation defects. J Inherit Metab Dis, 22, 286-8. doi:10.1023/a:1005567030040
F.14
Doi, T., Abo, W., Tateno, M., Hayashi, K., Hori, T., Nakada, T., Fukao, T., Takahashi, Y., & Terada, N. (Dec 2000). Milder childhood form of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in a 6-year-old Japanese boy. Eur J Pediatr, 159, 908-11. doi:10.1007/pl00008368
F.624
Engbers, H.M., Dorland, L., de Sain, M.G., Eskes, P.F., & Visser, G. (2005). Rhabdomyolysis in early-onset very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency despite normal glucose after fasting. J Inherit Metab Dis, 28, 1151-2. doi:10.1007/s10545-005-0190-y
F.4375
Evans, M., Andresen, B.S., Nation, J., & Boneh, A. (08 2016). VLCAD deficiency: Follow-up and outcome of patients diagnosed through newborn screening in Victoria. Mol Genet Metab, 118, 282-7. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.05.012
F.4
Ficicioglu, C., & Hussa, C. (Dec 2009). Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: the effects of accidental fat loading in a patient detected through newborn screening. J Inherit Metab Dis, 32 Suppl 1, S187-90. doi:10.1007/s10545-009-1143-7
G.123
Gillingham M & van Calcar S. (4/20/16).  Biochemistry and Management of Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders: From Infancy to Adulthood. Nutricia Metabolics Webinar Series. Nutricia Learning Center, Nutricia North America, Gaithersburg, MD.
G.28
Gillingham MB. (2009). Nutrition Management of Patients with Inherited of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation. In P. Acosta (Ed.),  Nutrition Management of Patients with Inherited Metabolic Disorders (pp 369-403).  Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
G.133
Gillingham MB. (2012). Interpreting Essential Fatty Acid Profiles.  Powerpoint presentation at Metabolic University-MU2, Denver, Colorado.
G.127
Gillingham MG (2015). Nutrition Studies in Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders:  Diet Composition and Monitoring. In LE. Bernstein et al. (Eds.),  Nutrition Management of Inherited Metabolic Diseases: Lessons from Metabolic University (pp 255-270). Switzerland, Springer International Publishing.
G.135
Gillingham, M. (2017, February 17). Summary: Free carnitine levels influence on acylcarnitine levels. [Electronic mailing list message].  Retrieved from PNO-METAB-L, Archives.
F.4424
Gillingham, M.B., Heitner, S.B., Martin, J., Rose, S., Goldstein, A., El-Gharbawy, A.H., Deward, S., Lasarev, M.R., Pollaro, J., DeLany, J.P., Burchill, L.J., Goodpaster, B., Shoemaker, J., Matern, D., Harding, C.O., & Vockley, J. (11 2017). Triheptanoin versus trioctanoin for long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders: a double blinded, randomized controlled trial. J Inherit Metab Dis, 40, 831-843. doi:10.1007/s10545-017-0085-8
F.4049
Giuliani, E., Coppi, F., Bertolotti, V., Gorlato, G., Zavatta, M., & Barbieri, A. (Nov 2013). Critical illness in energy metabolism genetic disorder: rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, respiratory arrest. West Indian Med J, 62, 773-5. doi:10.7727/wimj.2012.237
G.143
Haglind C.B., Ask S., von Dobeln U., Engvall M., Ekblom O., Stenlid M.H. & Nordenstrom A. (2016). Energy expenditure and lipid metabolism in very long-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism (Abstract #16). 
F.4051
Hisahara, S., Matsushita, T., Furuyama, H., Tajima, G., Shigematsu, Y., Imai, T., & Shimohama, S. (04 2015). A heterozygous missense mutation in adolescent-onset very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency with exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis. Tohoku J Exp Med, 235, 305-10. doi:10.1620/tjem.235.305
F.4052
Hoffman, J.D., Steiner, R.D., Paradise, L., Harding, C.O., Ding, L., Strauss, A.W., & Kaplan, P. (Jul 2006). Rhabdomyolysis in the military: recognizing late-onset very long-chain acyl Co-A dehydrogenase deficiency. Mil Med, 171, 657-8. doi:10.7205/milmed.171.7.657
G.137
Huber, A and van Calcar, S. (2017, July 27). Summary:  Allowing breastfeeding and breastmilk in the treatment of VLCAD patients. [Electronic mailing list message].  Retrieved from PNO-METAB-L, Archives.
F.4055
IBEMC, Pena, L.D., van Calcar, S.C., Hansen, J., Edick, M.J., Walsh Vockley, C., Leslie, N., Cameron, C., Mohsen, A.W., Berry, S.A., Arnold, G.L., & Vockley, J. (08 2016). Outcomes and genotype-phenotype correlations in 52 individuals with VLCAD deficiency diagnosed by NBS and enrolled in the IBEM-IS database. Mol Genet Metab, 118, 272-81. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.05.007
F.3712
Katz, S., Landau, Y., Pode-Shakked, B., Pessach, I.M., Rubinshtein, M., Anikster, Y., Salem, Y., & Paret, G. (Mar 2017). Cardiac failure in very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment: A case report and review of the literature. Mol Genet Metab Rep, 10, 5-7. doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2016.11.008
F.3717
Kluge, S., Kühnelt, P., Block, A., Merkel, M., Gocht, A., Lukacs, Z., Kohlschütter, A., & Kreymann, G. (Apr 2003). A young woman with persistent hypoglycemia, rhabdomyolysis, and coma: recognizing fatty acid oxidation defects in adults. Crit Care Med, 31, 1273-6. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000045201.10682.F6
F.3719
Korematsu, S., Kosugi, Y., Kumamoto, T., Yamaguchi, S., & Izumi, T. (Aug 2009). Novel mutation of early, perinatal-onset, myopathic-type very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Pediatr Neurol, 41, 151-3. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.02.020
F.617
Laforêt, P., Acquaviva-Bourdain, C., Rigal, O., Brivet, M., Penisson-Besnier, I., Chabrol, B., Chaigne, D., Boespflug-Tanguy, O., Laroche, C., Bedat-Millet, A.L., Behin, A., Delevaux, I., Lombès, A., Andresen, B.S., Eymard, B., & Vianey-Saban, C. (May 2009). Diagnostic assessment and long-term follow-up of 13 patients with Very Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency. Neuromuscul Disord, 19, 324-9. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2009.02.007
G.131
Lavorgna, s, Cresta A, Carmona N, Levy L. (2016) Dietary Management of sypmtpmatic Very long-chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) patients in a reference center in Argentia. Abstract #21, GMDi Conference, www.gmdi.org
G.97
Leslie ND., Tinkle BT., Strauss, AW., Shooner K. & Zhang K.  (2011).  Very Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency. GeneReviews. University of Seattle, Seattle, Washington.  Bookshelf ID: NBK6816PMID: 20301763.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6816/?report=printable.
F.3735
Li, X., Ding, Y., Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Song, J., & Yang, Y. (Mar 2015). Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in Chinese patients: eight case reports, including one case of prenatal diagnosis. Eur J Med Genet, 58, 134-9. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.01.005
G.129
MacLeod E.M., Regier D.S., Greene C.L., Barshop B.A. & Krimse B.K. (2014). Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD): Management through puberty. Genetic Metabolic Dietitian International (GMDI) Meeting, #8. Abstract retrieved from http://gmdi.org/Portals/0/documents/2014abstracts.pdf.
G.147
Mayhew J., Vockley J., Burton B., Berry G., Longo N., Phillips J., Sanchez-Valle A., Tanpalboon P., Grunewald S., Murphy E., Chen W., Chen C.Y., Cataldo J., Marsden D., Bowden A., Kakkis E., Skrinar A. & Humphrey R. (2007).  Assessments of Exercise Tolerance and Muscle Function in Long Chain-Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders (LC-FAOD):  Results From a Phase 2 Open Label Study of UX007.  13thInternational Congress of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ICIEM) #491.  
F.3795
Mendez-Figueroa, H., Shchelochkov, O.A., Shaibani, A., Aagaard-Tillery, K., & Shinawi, M.S. (Aug 2010). Clinical and biochemical improvement of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in pregnancy. J Perinatol, 30, 558-62. doi:10.1038/jp.2009.198
F.630
Merinero, B., Pascual Pascual, S.I., Pérez-Cerdá, C., Gangoiti, J., Castro, M., Garcia, M.J., Pascual Castroviejo, I., Vianey-Saban, C., Andresen, B., Gregersen, N., & Ugarte, M. (Oct 1999). Adolescent myopathic presentation in two sisters with very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis, 22, 802-10. doi:10.1023/a:1005553907216
F.3797
Merinero, B., Pérez-Cerdá, C., Garcia, M.J., Gangoiti, J., Font, L.M., Garcia Silva, M.T., Vianey-Saban, C., Duran, M., & Ugarte, M. (1996). Mitochondrial very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency with a mild clinical course. J Inherit Metab Dis, 19, 173-6. doi:10.1007/BF01799422
F.658
Minetti, C., Garavaglia, B., Bado, M., Invernizzi, F., Bruno, C., Rimoldi, M., Pons, R., Taroni, F., & Cordone, G. (Feb 1998). Very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in a child with recurrent myoglobinuria. Neuromuscul Disord, 8, 3-6. doi:10.1016/s0960-8966(97)00121-1
F.3816
Murata, K.Y., Sugie, H., Nishino, I., Kondo, T., & Ito, H. (Feb 2014). A primigravida with very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Muscle Nerve, 49, 295-6. doi:10.1002/mus.24055
F.3820
Nada, M.A., Vianey-Saban, C., Roe, C.R., Ding, J.H., Mathieu, M., Wappner, R.S., Bialer, M.G., McGlynn, J.A., & Mandon, G. (Feb 1996). Prenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects. Prenat Diagn, 16, 117-24. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199602)16:2<117::AID-PD820>3.0.CO;2-Z
F.3851
Ogundare, O., Jumma, O., Turnbull, D.M., & Woywodt, A. (Sep 2009). Searching for the needle in the Haystacks. Lancet, 374, 850. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61032-1
F.3858
Oliveira, S.F., Pinho, L., Rocha, H., Nogueira, C., Vilarinho, L., Dinis, M.J., & Silva, C. (Aug 2013). Rhabdomyolysis as a presenting manifestation of very long-chain acyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency. Clin Pract, 3, e22. doi:10.4081/cp.2013.e22
F.3859
Olpin, S.E. (2005). Fatty acid oxidation defects as a cause of neuromyopathic disease in infants and adults. Clin Lab, 51(5-6):289-306.
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15991803
F.640
Parini, R., Garavaglia, B., Saudubray, J.M., Bardelli, P., Melotti, D., Zecca, G., & Di Donato, S. (Jul 1991). Clinical diagnosis of long-chain acyl-coenzyme A-dehydrogenase deficiency: use of stress and fat-loading tests. J Pediatr, 119, 77-80. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81044-3
F.3884
Parini, R., Menni, F., Garavaglia, B., Fesslova, V., Melotti, D., Massone, M.L., Lamantea, E., Rimoldi, M., Vizziello, P., & Gatti, R. (Dec 1998). Acute, severe cardiomyopathy as main symptom of late-onset very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr, 157, 992-5. doi:10.1007/s004310050984
F.660
Pervaiz, M.A., Kendal, F., Hegde, M., & Singh, R.H. (Jan 2011). MCT oil-based diet reverses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a patient with very long chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency. Indian J Hum Genet, 17, 29-32. doi:10.4103/0971-6866.82190
F.3894
Pollitt, R.J. (1995). Disorders of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation. J Inherit Metab Dis, 18, 473-90. doi:10.1007/BF00710058
F.3896
Pons, R., Cavadini, P., Baratta, S., Invernizzi, F., Lamantea, E., Garavaglia, B., & Taroni, F. (Feb 2000). Clinical and molecular heterogeneity in very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Pediatr Neurol, 22, 98-105. doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(99)00132-0
F.661
Potter, B.K., Little, J., Chakraborty, P., Kronick, J.B., Evans, J., Frei, J., Sutherland, S.C., Wilson, K., & Wilson, B.J. (Jan 2012). Variability in the clinical management of fatty acid oxidation disorders: results of a survey of Canadian metabolic physicians. J Inherit Metab Dis, 35, 115-23. doi:10.1007/s10545-011-9352-2
F.10
Roe, C.R., Roe, D.S., Wallace, M., & Garritson, B. (Dec 2007). Choice of oils for essential fat supplements can enhance production of abnormal metabolites in fat oxidation disorders. Mol Genet Metab, 92, 346-50. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.07.012
F.12
Roe, C.R., Sweetman, L., Roe, D.S., David, F., & Brunengraber, H. (Jul 2002). Treatment of cardiomyopathy and rhabdomyolysis in long-chain fat oxidation disorders using an anaplerotic odd-chain triglyceride. J Clin Invest, 110, 259-69. doi:10.1172/JCI15311
F.629
Roe, C.R., Wiltse, H.E., Sweetman, L., & Alvarado, L.L. (Mar 2000). Death caused by perioperative fasting and sedation in a child with unrecognized very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. J Pediatr, 136, 397-9. doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.103853
G.128
Rohr F. (2015). Nutrition Management of Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders.  In LE. Bernstein et al. (Eds.), Nutrition Management of Inherited Metabolic Diseases: Lessons from Metabolic University (pp 271-282). Switzerland, Springer International Publishing.
G.136
Rohr, F. (2017, February 16).  Summary: Using the sum of acylcarnitines for the management of VLCAD patients. [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from PNO-METAB-L, Archives.
F.8
Ruiz-Sanz, J.I., Aldamiz-Echevarria, L., Arrizabalaga, J., Aquino, L., Jimeno, P., Pérez-Nanclares, G., & Sanjurjo, P. (Aug 2001). Polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency during dietary treatment of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Rescue with soybean oil. J Inherit Metab Dis, 24, 493-503. doi:10.1023/a:1010533730659
G.145
Russi A.S. (2017). Severe Cardiomyopathy in a Child With Vlcad Deficiency Despite Triheptanoin therapy. 13thInternational Congress of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ICIEM) #475. 
F.4098
Scalais, E., Bottu, J., Wanders, R.J., Ferdinandusse, S., Waterham, H.R., & De Meirleir, L. (Jan 2015). Familial very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency as a cause of neonatal sudden infant death: improved survival by prompt diagnosis. Am J Med Genet A, 167A, 211-4. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36803
F.4104
Schmidt, J., Hunsicker, A., Irouschek, A., Köhler, H., Knorr, C., & Birkholz, T. (Sep 2009). Early recovery from anesthesia and extubation in an infant with very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency using midazolam, mivacurium, and high dose remifentanil. Paediatr Anaesth, 19, 909-10. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03088.x
G.142
Schwoerer J.S., Rice G. & Maginot K. (2016). Very Long Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (VLCADD) and Cardiac Involvement.  Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 117, 285.  
F.4117
Scott Schwoerer, J., Cooper, G., & van Calcar, S. (Jun 2015). Rhabdomyolysis in a neonate due to very long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab Rep, 3, 39-41. doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2015.03.003
F.4118
Sedgwick, E.R. (2013 Jul-Aug). Early presentation of very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: nursing action resulting in a positive outcome. J Pediatr Nurs, 28, 379-82. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2012.11.002
F.4124
Sharef, S.W., Al-Senaidi, K., & Joshi, S.N. (Sep 2013). Successful Treatment of Cardiomyopathy due to Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: First Case Report from Oman with Literature Review. Oman Med J, 28, 354-6. doi:10.5001/omj.2013.101
F.4128
Shigematsu, Y., Hirano, S., Hata, I., Tanaka, Y., Sudo, M., Tajima, T., Sakura, N., Yamaguchi, S., & Takayanagi, M. (Jul 2003). Selective screening for fatty acid oxidation disorders by tandem mass spectrometry: difficulties in practical discrimination. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 792, 63-72. doi:10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00281-2
F.4134
Sindgikar, S.P., Veetil, D.R., Shenoy, R.D., & Shenoy, V. (Oct 2014). Fatty Acid oxidation disorder with secondary mitochondrial energy production defect: a case report. Indian J Clin Biochem, 29, 514-6. doi:10.1007/s12291-013-0391-3
G.138
Singh, R. and van Calcar, S. (2015 October 13).  Summary: Treatment recommendations for a VLCAD baby with elevated CK. [Electronic mailing list message].  Retrieved from PNO-METAB-L, Archives.
F.4140
Skladal, D., Sass, J.O., Geiger, H., Geiger, R., Mann, C., Vreken, P., Wanders, R.J., & Trawöger, R. (Oct 2000). Complications in early diagnosis and treatment of two infants with long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation defects. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 31, 448-52. doi:10.1097/00005176-200010000-00023
F.635
Sluysmans, T., Tuerlinckx, D., Hubinont, C., Verellen-Dumoulin, C., Brivet, M., & Vianey-Saban, C. (Sep 1997). Very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in two siblings: evolution after prenatal diagnosis and prompt management. J Pediatr, 131, 444-6. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(97)80073-x
F.17
Smelt, A.H., Poorthuis, B.J., Onkenhout, W., Scholte, H.R., Andresen, B.S., van Duinen, S.G., Gregersen, N., & Wintzen, A.R. (Apr 1998). Very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency with adult onset. Ann Neurol, 43, 540-4. doi:10.1002/ana.410430422
F.4144
Solis, J.O., & Singh, R.H. (Dec 2002). Management of fatty acid oxidation disorders: a survey of current treatment strategies. J Am Diet Assoc, 102, 1800-3. doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90386-x
F.657
Spiekerkötter, U., Schwahn, B., Korall, H., Trefz, F.K., Andresen, B.S., & Wendel, U. (Apr 2000). Very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency: monitoring of treatment by carnitine/acylcarnitine analysis in blood spots. Acta Paediatr, 89, 492-5. doi:10.1080/080352500750028267
F.7
Spiekerkoetter, U. (Jun 2007). Effects of a fat load and exercise on asymptomatic VLCAD deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis, 30, 405. doi:10.1007/s10545-007-0548-4
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